Scientific Method Essay Example for Free

Scientific Method EssayRESEARCH instaurationResearch design is a blue point or detail plan for how a enquiry study is to be conducted operationalizing variables they can be measure selecting and testing hypothesis.DEMOGRAPHYThe word demography derived from classical word Demas pith the people and Grapho manner to draw or write. So the word demography representation to draw or write almost people. Demography is the scientific study of community. It draws on several components of existence including size, composition and territorial distribution, to belowstand the mixer consequences of population assortment. Demographers study demographical variations and historical trends in their effort to educate population forecast. They also analyze the structure of a population- the get on, gender, race and ethnicity of its sections. A key figure in this analysis was Thomas Malthus.According to Multilingual Demography dictonary Demography is the scientific study of human popula tion with respect to their size, structure and developemnt. The components of demography including population size, territorial distribution geographical variations the age, gender, sex, race and ethnicity.ELEMENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY1. bothiance aim Number of live birth per 1000 population in a year. 2. Death Rate Number of deaths per 1000 population in a year. 3. Growth Rate Growth rate subject matter the difference between births and deaths rates per 1000 population in a given year. 4. Total rankness Rate The average number of children born alive to any women, assuming that she can songs to current profuseness rate. 5. Longivity Longivity gist the lifetime of a people up to death. 6. Life Expectancy Life expectancy mover the median number of years a person can be expected to live under a current mortality see to its. 7. The Infarty Mortality Rate Is the number of deaths of infants under one year onetime(a) per 1000 live births in a given year.EDUCATION SYSTEMEducation system is a basic rights of people. It is a learning process or traning process how a person learn about culture, sociolization, behaviour and attitude. According to Plato- Education is the hermonious victimization of body, mind and soul According to A.W.Green- Historically education means the conscious traning of the young for the later adaption of adult roles.FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION* To complete the sociolization process.* To trnasmit central inheritance.* Formulation of social privateity.* reformation of attitude.* Occupational postal servicement.* To ensure achieved status.* Encourage the sprit of completation.* To ensure ameliorate standard of behaviour.* Increase social awarness.* Democratic participation.MALTHUS guess OF POPULATIONThomas Robert Malthus was born in 1766 and died in 1834. His major books is The Eassys on the principle of population. published in 1798. He was famous for his population theory name Malthus theory of population. Malthushelds that the demesnes popul ation was growing more chop-chop than the people population. He call outd that fodder supply profits in order the prograssion 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10, whereas population growth increases expands by the trend of Geomatric prograssion 1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128-256.According to Malthus analysis the Gap between food production and population growth increasing sensation way to branched unit. As a root a country population will double in every 25 years. Over population creat great problem in the standard of aliveness and way of life in a country. According to Malthus there argon twain way to take population growth. 1. Positive Check When a country will over populated then the instinctive desester much(prenominal) as flood, cyclone, drought, crope failure and other, war, riot automatically control population. 2. Preventive Check People willingly control population by using contraceptine, date marriage, birth control, prevent early marriage and polygumy marriage, another control free sexual life.CRITISISM1. Malthus said that population control by positive check, but cancel disester never happen frequently in the over populated country. 2. He argued that food production increase arithmatic rate, but modern science and technology, machinary, hybrid seeds food production increase into double rate. 3. Malthus never animadvert that proper education population will be resource, migration, skill, experience increase population standard of living. affectionate CHANGEAccording to H.T Majamdar- social convert may be defined as a red-hot fashion or made either modifying the old in the life of a people. According to Machiver and Page- complaisant commute refers to a process responsive many types of change in the man made condition of life, change in the attitude and beliefs of man. The control to the biological and physical nature of things. According to Kingsley Davis- societal change means only such alternatives as occur in social organization that is structure an d functions of cab atomic number 18t.CHARACTERISTICS OF loving CHANGE1. Social change is continuous2. Social change is temporary3. Social change is environmental4. Social change is humanistric5. Social change is short term vs long term6. Social change is planned/unplanned7. Social change is objetive8. Social change is reactive9. Social change is fundamental interaction of human10. Social change is behaviourTHEORY OF favorable CHANGE1.Evalutionary theory Evalutionary theorist argue that society change from unsubdivided to complex situation by the process of evalution. Social change means progress the change of positive and benificial whwrw society reach higher level of cevilization.CONFLICT THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGEConflict theories highlited that society change from simple to complex by the process of conflict. Conflict is meaty for every society. There is no society or country in the world without conflict. Conflict move people gather together for achieving their objectives.CON FLICT THINKERAccording to Karl Marx- All the history in the world is the history, of classes struggle.He also said that conflict existing in the society between two classes-1. possessor classa. Rich peopleb. Bourgious2. Non possessor class- Poor people.always conflict because owner class tip non owner class. As a result non owner class occure violance against owneer class for achieving their objectives.MARKS TYPE OF community1. Premitive society2. Slavary society3. Feudalism society4. Capitalism5. SocialismAccording to George Simmel- Conflict occure in the society and people catch or motivated to joined conflict because of achieved their rights.Capitalism society always influence people to conflicting situation.FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGEFunctional theory highlighted that society from simple to complex by the changing of societies functions. In simple society One institution done several(a) types of function. Ex- Family=Family function is economics, recreation, producti on, reproduction education, cultural and religious etc. But in the complex society dissimilar institution established for doing various types of function, because of capitalism influence people to creat artificial demands, as a result demand basis institution developed fulfilling such kind of demand.POWER AND AUTHORITYPower means ability to control others. Here power means political power which is related to authority and presidency to control or rulling the country.Authority refers to institutionalized power that is recognizied by the people over whom it is excercised. Another sociologist utilise authority commonly connection with elected or publicly acknowladge position.TYPES OF AUTHORITY1. Traditional Authority Refers to the legitimatise power by custom and accepted practice. Here custom and tradition is the symbol of power. Ex- King and big businessman of UK, Tribal Chief. 2. Rational Legal Authority Refers to power exercise by written rules and regulations of political sy stems such as constitutions. 3. Charismatic Authority Refers to power made legitimate by a leder exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his/her followers. Charismatic leaders who commanded the personal loyality a large number of citizen in a country. Ex- Nelson Mendela.MIGRATIONMigration refers to the change of individual persistent residence to new reisdence from one place to another place for better life style, better education, better mull, better auspices and better standard of living.TYPES OF MIGRATION1. internal Migration Internal migration is within the country when individual change permanent residence from village to city, one district to another. Ex- Khulna to capital of Bangladesh 2. outside(a) Migration When individual change permanent residence from one country to another country for better life style, better education, better job, better security and better standard of living. Ex- Bangladesh to USAFACTORS OF MIGRATIONThere are two major factors in migration-1 . Pull Factors Pull factors means when individual are influence to change his permanent residence to new residence for better life style, better education, better job, better security and better standard of living is called pull factors. Ex- * Job security*Educational Facilities.*Green Environment.*Safety and Social security.*Stabdard of living.*Stable political culture.2. Push Factors Push factors means individual are influence to change his permanent residence to new residence for war, riot, social crisis, natural disester, flood, river errosson, cyclone, drought and another lack of security food crisis etc.SOCIALISMSocialism is a form of economic system where production, distribution and consumption as well as industry owner everything is controlled by the central government, that is called socialism.Here everybody will get the job according to his/her educational qualification and everyone get facilites according to their demand. Ex- China, Russia, Argentina, South Korea.CHARACT ERISTIC OF SOCIALISM1. Public self-control2. political distribution3. Public limited company4. Public/Governmental profit5. National development policy6. National service7. Job security8. Social security9. Sustainable development10. Governmental regulation11. Absent of individual property12. Proper distribution of wealthCAPITALISMCapitalism is a form of economic system where production, consumption and distribution as well as industry owner profit loss everything is the individual level ownership, that is called capitalism.CHARACTERISTIC OF CAPITALISM1. Private ownership2. Private profit-loss3. individualistic industry4. Labor expotation5. International trade6. International investment7. Global food market8. Open market economy9. Income inequality10. Income difference between rich and low-down11. Lack of job security12. International corporation.COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOURCollective behaviour is the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a theme of people who are reachin g to a common influence in an ambigues situation. Numors are a form of collective behavior. It is public opinion. People reactions to shared events such as war and election.FORMS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR1. Crowds2. dread3. Mobs4. Rumors5. Urban Legends6. Fashion7. Public opinion8. Mass hystoria9. Propaganda10. FadsFACTORS OF FERTILITY IN BANGLADESHThere are two factors-1. Biological Factorsa. Fertility age (14-49)b. Physical illnessc. Willingly interactd. Abortione. Use contraceptic2. Social Factor-f. Early marriageg. Late marriageh. Polygamy marriagei. Desire sonj. Depends on old ageTYPES OF GOVERNMENT1. Monarchy Monarchy is a form of government where single member of a royal family usually a king or queen or some other heridetary ruler are the suprime authority of a country. Ex- Saidi Arabia. 2. Oligarchy Oligarcy is a form of government where few individual are the ruler of a country. The ruler are royal family which is the family tradition selected ruler one of the another. Ex- T ribal chief, Ancient Greek 3. Dictatorship Dictatorship is a form government in which one person has nearly hold total power to make and enforce law/Marshal law/Military rules. Here decision making and another all state issue controled on handling by the specific ruler. 4. Democracy Democracy is the form of government where political system established by the participator of parlament member with election process. Here people elected parlament member by their voting rights. According to Abraham Linkon- Democracy is the government of the people by the people and for the people.GLOBALIZATION worldwideisation refers to the expansion of global linkage and the growth of global consciousness among economic(Production, Consumption, Distribution), sicual, political and cultural transformation all over the world. Here globally connected that is called global village which is performs faster communication, technology and cultural heritage among the countries.ELEMENTS OF GLOBALIZATION1. The expansion of global market2. Transformation of global politics3. The emergence of new social and political movementADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION1. Increase economic growth2. increase the efficiency of global business3. Benifits to consumer4. Gains to owner of multinational corporation5. Higher standard of living6. Capital inflow to poor countries7. Increase total export of develop countries8. Open market economyDISADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION1. lessening in economic growth2. Increase inequility3. Huge jobless4. Downward pressure of wages5. charge from international organization6. Reduction of social protection7. Threating environment